What is an Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS)?

Even the most skilled drivers have faced situations where they needed to slam on the brakes to avoid an accident. In moments like these, a vehicle's wheels can lock up, causing it to lose traction, skid or even spin out of control, making it difficult for the driver to steer safely.

An anti-lock braking system, also called “anti-skid braking systems,” anti-lock brakes” or ABS, addresses this challenge. The system plays a critical role in helping drivers avoid crashes or reduce their damage potential. 

Further to this, the Transport Research Laboratory report shows that “ABS reduces the accident rate by approximately 10 per cent overall and the injury accident rate by approximately 3.5 per cent” (1).

This article will explore how ABS works, its different types and how it can improve fleet safety.

What is ABS?

Since 2004, ABS has been required in the UK (2). Anti-lock braking systems are designed to help drivers maintain control when braking in emergencies. By rapidly “pumping” the brakes, the ABS keeps the wheels from locking up and allows the driver to steer to safety while stopping. Additionally, ABS has been shown to reduce stopping distance for vehicles traveling in normal conditions.

How does ABS work?

ABS relies on a system of sensors, pumps, valves and controllers that monitor and adjust brake pressure to prevent wheel lock-up:

• Speed sensors: located on each wheel, these sensors monitor the speed at which the wheels rotate.
• Valves: positioned in the brake lines, they regulate brake pressure by opening, closing or releasing as needed.
• Pump: this restores pressure to the brake system when needed, using hydraulic fluid to keep brakes working effectively.
• Controller: receives data from the sensors and determines when to adjust braking pressure to prevent wheel lock-up.

Working together, this system creates the quick pumping effect that prevents lock-up and allows steering during emergency braking.

Different Types of ABS

Not all ABS systems are the same. While four-wheel ABS is common in passenger vehicles, other types are better suited to specific vehicle categories:

• Four-wheel ABS: found in most cars, minivans and light HGVs , four-wheel ABS allows the driver to maintain steering control in emergency braking situations by preventing all four wheels from locking up.
• Rear-wheel ABS: commonly found in some HGVs and vans, real-wheel ABS is designed to prevent the rear wheels from locking, which helps reduce the risk of the vehicle skidding or spinning out.

How ABS can help with fleet safety

For fleet managers, ABS is an essential feature that can help prevent accidents and reduce maintenance costs by minimising the risks associated with emergency braking. There are several ways ABS contributes to fleet safety and efficiency:

• Accident reduction: ABS reduces the chance of skidding and allows the driver to maintain control during emergency stops, allowing drivers to safely maneuver away from danger. It can also reduce stopping times under the right conditions.
• Fleet reliability: with fewer skidding incidents and less stress on the braking system, ABS contributes to better overall vehicle health, helping to reduce maintenance needs and associated costs. Routine maintenance is essential for keeping ABS and other vehicle systems in top condition and supporting fleet safety. ABS warning lamps must function properly, as a malfunctioning lamp can indicate an ABS failure or other issue. 
• Fleet management software: a solution that offers vehicle maintenance capabilities can be highly beneficial. According to the 2025 Verizon Fleet Technology Trends Report Europe, fleets implementing such technologies see a 16% decrease in vehicle maintenance costs and a 19% reduction in accident-related expenses.
• Compliance and inspections: brakes are one of the most vital components to safe vehicle operation. There are signs of brake wear like “brake lights on, squealing or squeaking noises, grinding noises, wobbling, vibrating, or pulsing when braking, leaking fluid, spongy or soft brakes, car pulling to one side when braking, burning smells” (3). So it is vital to have proper vehicle maintenance in order for your vehicles to be in optimal condition.Fleet managers can help avoid these outcomes by conducting daily vehicle inspections and using electronic vehicle inspection reports to track maintenance needs efficiently. For example, regular checks of tyre pressure, brake linings, and brake fluid can help prevent ABS failures.

While ABS does impact safety, it’s not a fail-safe method of crash prevention. In fact, under certain road conditions like gravel or snow, studies have shown that ABS can actually increase stopping times, according to research (4). 

That’s why it’s still critical to train and coach drivers to follow safe driving behaviours, such as maintaining proper following distances of a minimum of three seconds between their vehicle and the one in front, following speed limits and driving cautiously when weather and road conditions are poor.

Fleet management technology can empower managers to educate drivers and implement safe driving behaviours through fact-based coaching. Dashcam video and telematics data can be used to personalise coaching sessions to sustain driver engagement and help reinforce safe driving habits.

By reducing skidding, preventing wheel lock-up, and allowing drivers to maintain control in emergencies, ABS helps to improve safety, reduce maintenance costs, and enhance fleet efficiency. To further promote fleet safety, consider using fleet management software to track ABS maintenance, monitor driver behaviour and stay on top of preventive maintenance.

For a closer look at how fleet management software can enhance your fleet’s safety and efficiency, consider booking a demo today.

Sources: 

(1)Transport Research Laboratory

(2) Legislation UK ABS

(3)Brake vehicle maintenance

(4)Survey of the effectiveness of ABS in reducing accidents